Chemical postevolution
Template:Articleissues Chemical Postevolution is the structural optimization of (already evolutionary optimized) natural products by synthetic chemical means. It is additional and often structurally orthogonal to natural evolution. Whereas the term "Chemical Evolution" refers to an iterative optimization of chemical structures, Chemical Postevolution only refers to the biological improvement of antibiotic natural products.
Application
Natural products have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed antibiotics. But, only a few “pure” natural products fulfill the complex profile required for a pharmaceutical drug. A drug has to match additional physicochemical, pharmacological, toxicological and technical requirements that have not been selectors in the evolution of antibacterial secondary metabolites. On the other hand, natural products offer excellent starting points for medicinal chemistry.[1]
Exploring Orthogonal Chemical Space Than Nature
To create a drug, nature’s blueprints often have to be improved by semisynthesis or de novo synthesis to repair typical deficiencies such as limited stability, low solubility, narrow antibacterial spectrum, poor in vivo efficacy, etc. Chemical structure defines biological activity. Complementary to nature, a chemist can explore white spots in structural space and biological activity that have never been explored by any organism over the entire period of evolution.
Examples
Various natural antibiotics have already been optimized. Typical examples are the beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin to meticillin), the glycopeptides (vancomycin to theravancin) or the macrolides (erythromycin to telithromycin).
References
- ↑ F. von Nussbaum, M. Brands, B. Hinzen, S. Weigand, D. Häbich, Angew. Chem. 2006, 118, 5194–5254; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5072–5129. Antibacterial Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry—Exodus or Revival? PMID 16881035