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Werner Erhard vs. Columbia Broadcasting System

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Template:Infobox Court Case Werner Erhard vs. Columbia Broadcasting System is a lawsuit filed on March 3, 1992 by Werner Erhard in Illinois Circuit Court of Cook County against CBS and approximately twenty other defendants.[1][2] The lawsuit centered on a March 3, 1991 broadcast of the CBS News program 60 Minutes titled "Werner Erhard",[3][4] which investigated statements by Erhard's daughters and associates regarding assertions of sexual abuse, incest, and physical abuse[5][6] – allegations which his daughters later retracted.[7] In addition to the CBS News 60 Minutes program, Erhard included in the lawsuit other defendants who had criticized his practices.[8]

Erhard was represented in the lawsuit by his attorney Walter Maksym,[9] who would go on to serve as executive producer of a 2006 film about his client.[10] Erhard's complaint in the lawsuit included claims of libel, defamation, slander, and invasion of privacy, as well as conspiracy.[2][9] He asserted that the defendants had together engaged in a conspiracy to defame him.[2][9] A lawyer for the San Jose Mercury News characterized Erhard's lawsuit as frivolous.[9] Multiple defendants in the lawsuit filed motions to dismiss the case.[11] On May 20, 1992, Erhard filed a request to dismiss his own case.[11] He sent checks for $100 to each of the defendants, covering the filing fees they had paid in the case.[2] According to a 2003 article by Suzanne Snider in The Believer, CBS News later made the transcript of the 60 Minutes program unavailable for "legal or copyright reasons", due to "factual discrepancies" in the broadcast.[12] The video of the program was also withdrawn from the market.[13]

Boing Boing reported in 2009 that the organization Wikileaks had made a copy of the CBS News 60 Minutes broadcast on Erhard available on its website along with the transcript.[13] Boing Boing was subsequently contacted by Erhard's lawyer Terry Giles,[13] who has served as Chairman of the Board of Landmark Education,[14] the successor to Werner Erhard's "est" movement.[15] Giles asserted that the description of events following the 60 Minutes broadcast made by the Wikileaks website was inaccurate: Wikileaks had stated that CBS News withdrew the video due to Erhard's legal threats; Giles said CBS News withdrew the program of their own accord, and requested that Boing Boing cease publishing an inaccurate account.[13] Boing Boing did not withdraw their report, but instead published the full contents of the legal letter from Giles.[13]

The San Francisco Chronicle reported that enrollments in "The Forum" seminars given by Werner Erhard and Associates decreased after the 60 Minutes broadcast.[16] In his 2005 book Focus: The Future of Your Company Depends on It, author Al Ries analyzed the impact of the 60 Minutes program and wrote that using the name of Landmark Education Corporation instead of associating a name for the company directly with Werner Erhard, helped the public relations of the company.[17]

Background

Werner Erhard, a California-based former encyclopedia salesman born John Paul Rosenberg,[18] created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971.[19] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training,[20][21] and was part of the Human Potential Movement.[22] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a time.[23] The program was very intensive: each day would contain 15–20 hours of instruction.[22] During the training, est personnel utilized jargon to convey key concepts, and participants had to agree to certain rules which remained in effect for the duration of the course.[24] Participants were taught that they were responsible for their life outcomes, and were promised a dramatic change in their self-perception.[22]

est was controversial: critics characterized the training methods as brainwashing,[25][26][27][28] and suggested that the program had fascistic and narcissistic tendencies.[22] Proponents asserted that it had a profoundly positive impact on people's lives.[22] By 1977 over 100,000 people completed the est training, including public figures and mental health professionals.[22] In 1985, Werner Erhard and Associates repackaged the course as "The Forum", a seminar focused on "goal-oriented breakthroughs".[19] By 1988, approximately one million people had taken some form of the trainings.[19] In the early 1990s Erhard faced tax and family problems.[19] A group of his associates formed the company Landmark Education in 1991, purchasing The Forum's course "technology" from Erhard.[19]

60 Minutes broadcast

Werner Erhard's complaint included CBS in relation to a March 3, 1991 broadcast of the CBS News program 60 Minutes, in addition to naming approximately twenty other defendants.[1][2]

On March 3, 1991, CBS broadcast a segment of its news program 60 Minutes titled, "Werner Erhard".[4][29] The program includes allegations from members of Erhard's family that he abused them physically and sexually.[29][30][31] Family members and former associates of Erhard appear on the program and assert that he sexually abused two of his daughters, and physically abused his son and his ex-wife.[32][33] Erhard's daughter Deborah Pimental, then 31, appears on the program, as do his daughters Celeste Erhard, then 28, and Adair Erhard, then 26.[34] Deborah Pimental is one of Erhard's four children from his first marriage, and Celeste and Adair are Erhard's daughters from a second marriage.[34]

Erhard's daughter Deborah Pimental, then 31, appears on the program and states to Ed Bradley in an interview that Erhard molested her when she was 16.[5][6] Pimental also states to Bradley that Erhard raped her sister 11 years prior to the program's broadcast, when on a trip with her sister, who at the time of the incident was in her early 20s.[5] "I wasn't there, but I believe my sister when she says that my father raped her. They had come back after dinner, and he had a very large suite, and they were reading a (pornographic) magazine together, and, you know, I'd rather not go specifically into, you know, the details. But he forcibly had sexual intercourse with her," says Pimental to Bradley.[5][6] The daughter referred to by Pimental refused to speak about the incident to the media.[6]

Celeste Erhard appears on-camera on the program alleging he abused her.[6][12] Erhard's daughter Adair, then 26, also appeared on the program and made similar statements about physical and mental abuse.[6] The family governess for the Erhards, Dawn Damas, is interviewed by Bradley on the program and tells him that Erhard beat his son St. John when he was 12 years old because he received poor marks in school.[5] Bradley states in the program that St. John would not appear on camera, but did confirm that the incident occurred.[5]

Dr. Robert Larzalere, a former employee of Erhard in his company est, appears on the program to discuss an incident where he says he choked Erhard's wife Ellen Erhard on Erhard's behalf.[34] Adair Erhard corroborated Larzalere's statements on-air to 60 Minutes.[34] The broadcast also includes allegations that had previously been reported in the San Francisco Chronicle, including allegations from est staff members that Erhard subjected his staff to physical and emotional abuse, and requested that they follow his orders in such a way that was "akin to God".[5] The program also brought up a conflict between the Internal Revenue Service and Erhard over tax issues.[12] Werner Erhard himself did not appear on camera in the program, but did issue a statement to 60 Minutes saying: "to respond to the accusations at this time would only further publicly exploit my family."[5]

Lawsuit

Complaint

File:Werner Erhard in 1977.jpg
Werner Erhard filed a motion to dismiss his own lawsuit against the twenty defendants,[11] and sent checks for $100 to each of the defendants, covering the filing fees they had paid in the case.[2]

In an interview with the San Jose Mercury News, Erhard denied the allegations of incest.[30] Erhard also denied the statements that he had abused his children.[35] On March 3, 1992 (one-year-to-the-date after the initial 60 Minutes broadcast), Erhard filed a libel and defamation lawsuit against twenty defendants, including CBS, John Hubner of San Jose Mercury News, Hustler, National Enquirer, the organization Cult Awareness Network, and San Francisco attorney Andrew Wilson.[1][2][9][36] The lawsuit was filed in Cook County Circuit Court in Chicago, Illinois.[1]

Erhard was represented in the lawsuit by Illinois attorney Walter Maksym;[9] Maksym sent approximately two dozen letters to author Steven Pressman and publisher St. Martin's Press regarding the 1993 Erhard biography, Outrageous Betrayal,[37] and was executive producer of a 2006 film about Erhard: Transformation: The Life & Legacy of Werner Erhard.[10] Wilson won a wrongful termination case against Erhard in 1991, and had represented Charlene Afremow in her US$2 million lawsuit against Erhard.[36][38] The January 21, 1991 edition of National Enquirer contained an article about Erhard, as did the August 1991 issue of Hustler, and Erhard claimed both sources contained false statements.[1] He described as inaccurate assertions made by an individual who "held herself out" as a staff member of the Cult Awareness Network.[8]

The lawsuit included charges of slander, invasion of privacy, and conspiracy.[9] Erhard's lawsuit sought punitive damages in addition to compensation related to the asserted charges.[8] Erhard alleged the defendants had engaged in a "conspiracy to defame and ruin me".[2][36] Erhard accused Wilson of "orchestrating" the negative publicity "that drove me out of the country".[36] He claimed the 60 Minutes program "contained false, misleading, and defamatory statements".[3] Erhard claimed in the lawsuit that CBS News falsely characterized him "as a role model claiming to be God and involved in 'idolatry'",[8] and said this was false because he "strongly and consistently encouraged people to think for themselves".[1] He stated that the piece was aired with "total disregard for the truth", and said that it put forth claims that he was the leader of a cult and practiced mind control.[1] The Chicago Sun-Times reported the day after the complaint was filed, "Erhard maintained that the damages are vast, ongoing and cannot be fully ascertained at this point."[8]

Responses

Speaking for journalist John Hubner, attorney Edward P. Davis Jr. of the San Jose Mercury News stated that the allegations by Erhard were false.[9] "It's frivolous. Why they're dragging John into it is hard to say," said Davis Jr.[9] The Chicago Sun-Times attempted to contact representatives of National Enquirer, Hustler magazine, and CBS for a statement about Werner Erhard's lawsuit against them, but they were "not available for comment".[8] In April and May 1992, multiple parties including Dawn Damas, David Duffy, National Enquirer, Jeffrey Rodack, and Hustler magazine, filed motions to dismiss the entire case.[11]

Request to dismiss

On May 20, 1992, Erhard filed a motion to dismiss his own lawsuit against the twenty defendants.[11] By June 1992, Erhard had dropped his lawsuit against 60 Minutes and the other defendants, and sent checks for $100 to each of the defendants, covering the filing fees they had paid in the case.[2] "$100 doesn't cover the aggravation but I'd like to forget the whole thing," said Andrew Wilson in a statement in the San Francisco Chronicle.[2] Erhard dropped the lawsuit before a court decision had been reached in the case.[3]

Aftermath

In a 1993 interview with Larry King, Erhard said he decided to drop the suit because he had received legal advice telling him that in order to win it, it would not be sufficient to prove that CBS knew the allegations were false, but that he would also need to prove that CBS acted with malice.[39] Erhard stated to King that his family members had since retracted their allegations, which had been made under pressure from CBS, and that the accusations of tax evasion aired in the program were "misunderstandings" that were in the process of being resolved.[39]

Erhard's daughters later retracted the allegations they had made against their father.[7] In a case filed in San Francisco Superior Court related to assertions by journalist John Hubner of the San Jose Mercury News, similar to those made in the 60 Minutes broadcast, Celeste Erhard sued Hubner and the newspaper seeking US$2 million.[40] Celeste Erhard accused the newspaper of having "defrauded her and invaded her privacy", in relation to interviews which led to two separate news articles in November 1990 in the Sunday magazine edition of the paper, West magazine.[40] She asserted she had exaggerated information she gave to the reporter, and that she had been promised a book deal to be coauthored with Hubner for revenue of $2 million.[40] Celeste Erhard did not dispute the accuracy of the quotes in the newspaper.[41] San Francisco Superior Court Judge William Cahill dismissed the case on summary judgment.[40] Judge Cahill ruled in August 1993 that the statute of limitation had expired, and also ruled Celeste Erhard "had suffered no monetary damages or physical harm and that she failed to present legal evidence that Hubner had deliberately misled her."[40] In January 1994, Celeste Erhard signed an agreement that she would not appeal the ruling of Judge Cahill.[41]

In February 1991, Werner Erhard left the U.S., weeks prior to the broadcast of the 60 Minutes program investigating him on CBS.[42] During the early portion of the 1990s, Erhard was embroiled in conflict with the Internal Revenue Service over disputes involving tax issues.[42] In April 1991, the IRS placed a lien of $6.7 million on personal property belonging to Erhard.[43] Erhard filed a wrongful disclosure lawsuit against the IRS in 1993, and asserted in the case that IRS agents had inappropriately revealed to the media details of information from his tax returns.[44] IRS officials conceded that media reports quoting them on Erhard's tax liabilities had been false, and that they took no action to have the media correct these statements.[44] In September 1996, the IRS settled a lawsuit with Erhard, paying him $200,000 in damages; his lawyer Michael Saltzman called the legal resolution, a "victory for every person in the United States".[44] Saltzman commented, "We're pleased to finally get closure on this matter. We feel this is a step toward clarifying the record that the IRS left in 1991 about Mr. Erhard."[44]

In 1992 Jane Self published a book titled 60 Minutes and the Assassination of Werner Erhard.[7] The book, which was approved by Landmark Education, asserted that the 60 Minutes program had been part of an orchestrated campaign launched against Erhard.[7] It stated that the campaign had been organized by disgruntled ex-est members and the Church of Scientology, which considered Erhard a "traitor" who had made unauthorized use of their techniques.[7] According to Harry Rosenberg, Erhard's brother, "Werner made some very, very powerful enemies. They really got him."[7] A private investigator quoted in the Los Angeles Times stated that by October 1989, Scientology had collected five filing cabinets worth of materials about Erhard, many from ex-members of est who had joined Scientology, and that Scientology was clearly in the process of organizing a "media blitz" aimed at discrediting Erhard.[45]

Suzanne Snider wrote in a 2003 The Believer magazine article that the transcript of the 60 Minutes program was made unavailable with the disclaimer: "This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons."[12] Snider asserted that this action by CBS was due to "factual discrepancies" in the program on Erhard.[12]

On August 31, 2009, Xeni Jardin of Boing Boing reported that the organization Wikileaks had made a copy of the CBS News 60 Minutes broadcast on Erhard available on its website along with a transcript.[13] Boing Boing quoted a description from the Wikileaks website, "Both, video and transcript, have been published at various points in time, but are not publically available anymore due to legal threats against publishers from Werner Erhard."[13] Boing Boing later updated its report to note that it had received a letter from a lawyer for Werner Erhard from September 24, 2009.[13] Werner Erhard's lawyer, Terry Giles,[46] wrote to Boing Boing, and said that the description by Wikileaks of why CBS had made the 60 Minutes piece unavailable, was inaccurate.[13] Giles has served as Chairman of the Board of Landmark Education,[14] the successor to Werner Erhard's "est" movement.[15] Giles asserted that CBS News had withdrawn the program of their own accord: "the transcript and video were made unavailable by CBS because the contents are not factually accurate and therefore should not be published."[13] Giles requested of Boing Boing regarding their report on the Wikileaks page, "I am formally requesting that you immediately cease said publication."[13] Boing Boing kept the report about the Wikileaks page on the 60 Minutes program on its website, and also published the full contents of the legal letter from Giles, below their original report.[13]

Commentary

Journalist Herb Caen of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote about Erhard's decision to dismiss his own lawsuit: "Werner Erhard, last sighted in Costa Rica, has dropped his megabucks libel suit against CBS' "60 Minutes," which did a number on him about a year ago. Nice guy that he is, he sent checks for $100 to each of the 20 defendants to cover the filing fee they had to pay to answer his charges of 'a conspiracy to defame and ruin me.'"[2] According to the San Francisco Chronicle, sources told the paper that enrollments in "The Forum" seminars given by Werner Erhard and Associates "dropped substantially" after the 60 Minutes broadcast.[16]

Author Al Ries analyzes the affect of the 60 Minutes program on Erhard in his 2005 book Focus: The Future of Your Company Depends on It.[17] Ries discusses actions taken by Erhard related to his company Werner Erhard and Associates prior to the program's broadcast, and uses this as an example of the power of a name change of a company in the context of public relations.[17] Ries writes: "One might have thought that Werner Erhard, the company, was beyond saving. Not true. The name was destroyed, but not the company. Before the CBS program ran, but with knowledge of what it would likely say, Erhard sold the assets of Werner Erhard & Associates to his former employees and moved to Costa Rica. The new name: Landmark Education Corporation."[17]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 United Press International staff (March 4, 1992). "EST guru sues CBS, Enquirer, Hustler". United Press International: p. Domestic News. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Caen, Herb (June 4, 1992). "Item Item Hoozgotta Item - In One Ear". San Francisco Chronicle: p. D1. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Holzinger, Kay (2001), "Erhard Seminars Training (est) and The Forum", in Lewis, James R., Odd Gods: New Religions and the Cult Controversy, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1573928429 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Spragens, William C. (1995). Electronic Magazines: Soft News Programs on Network Television. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 121. ISBN 0275941558. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 San Francisco Chronicle staff (March 5, 1991). "More Allegations Against est Founder: His daughter says he molested her". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A9. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Hubner, John (Knight-Ridder Newspapers) (March 5, 1991). "Est Founder Accused of Incest: Daughter Says Erhard Was Molester, Rapist". The Charlotte Observer: p. 5A. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Grigoriadis, Vanessa (9 July, 2001). "Pay Money, Be Happy". New York Magazine (New York Media Holdings). http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/. Retrieved on 2010-11-12. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Long, Ray (March 4, 1992). "'70s guru sues CBS, Hustler, Enquirer here". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 62. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 San Jose Mercury News staff (April 7, 1992). "Est Founder sues critics: suit names Mercury News writer". San Jose Mercury News: p. 8B. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Guzman, Rafer (August 14, 2008). "Movie Buzz: Who - Werner Erhard, The Deal - The founder of the controversial training program called est". Newsday (Newsday, Inc.): p. B9. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Werner Erhard vs. Columbia Broadcasting System, (Filed: March 3, 1992) Case Number: 1992-L-002687. Division: Law Division. District: First Municipal. Cook County Circuit Court, Chicago, Illinois.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Snider, Suzanne (May 2003). "EST, Werner Erhard, and the Corporatization of Self-Help". The Believer (McSweeney's). http://www.believermag.com/issues/200305/?read=article_snider. Retrieved on 2009-01-14. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Jardin, Xeni (August 31, 2009). "Wikileaks re-publishes 60 Minutes piece on est/Landmark cult leader Werner Erhard". Boing Boing (boingboing.net). http://boingboing.net/2009/08/31/suppressed-60-minute.html. Retrieved on 2010-10-27. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Dow Jones & Co., Inc. (2010). "Landmark Education Corporation". The Business Journals (American City Business Journals, Inc.). http://www.bizjournals.com/profiles/us/ca/san_francisco/landmark_education_corporation/60668/. Retrieved on 2010-11-02. "Landmark Education Corporation - Company Executives - Terry Giles - Chairman of the Board" 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bauder, Don (August 7, 1994). "Firm turns to est guru, still slides". The San Diego Union-Tribune. "The successor is San Francisco-based Landmark Education Corp., and Erhard's brother, Harry Rosenberg, is its chief operating officer." 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lattin, Don (March 18, 1991). "Plan to Force Erhard Into Court: S.F. judge will be asked to demand appearance of est founder". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A5. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Ries, Al (2005), Focus: The Future of Your Company Depends on It, HarperCollins, ISBN 0060799900 
  18. ↑ Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 5–7, 221–222. OCLC 27897209. ISBN 0-312-09296-2. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Hukill, Tracy (July 9, 1998). "The est of Friends: Werner Erhard's protégés and siblings carry the torch for a '90s incarnation of the '70s 'training' that some of us just didn't get". Metro Silicon Valley (Metro Newspapers). http://www.metroactive.com/landmark/landmark1-9827.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 
  20. ↑ Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 142. ISBN 0387973206. 
  21. ↑ Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International) 55 (12-B): 5564. Template:ISSN. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est?". Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books 22 (6): pp. 459–460. 
  23. ↑ Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review (The New York Times Company) 82: 25. 
  24. ↑ Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): p. 821. 
  25. ↑ Brewer, Mark (August 1975). "We're Gonna Tear You Down and Put You Back Together". Psychology Today. 
  26. ↑ Lande, Nathaniel (October 1976). Mindstyles, Lifestyles: A Comprehensive Overview of Today's Life-changing Philosophies. Price/Stern/Sloan. pp. 135. ISBN 0843104147. 
  27. ↑ Koocher, Gerald P.; Patricia Keith-Spiegel (1998). Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. Oxford University Press. pp. 111. ISBN 0195092015. 
  28. ↑ Bardini, Thierry (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford University Press. pp. 205. ISBN 0804738718. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Associated Press (March 3, 1991). "TV News Shows - Who's Talking Today". The Times-Picayune: p. A10. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fernandez, Elizabeth (April 28, 1991). "New Age guru dogged by worldly troubles: Est founder Werner Erhard unfound, leaving trail of innuendo and accusations". The Dallas Morning News (The Dallas Morning News Company): p. 12A. 
  31. ↑ Curtright, Guy (March 2, 1991). "Sunday Tips: See-Worthy". Atlanta Journal and Constitution (Atlanta Newspapers Inc.): p. E5. 
  32. ↑ McCabe, Bruce (March 16, 1994). "Movies And The Mob, Nicholson's 3 Moms, Est In Exile". Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company): p. 71. 
  33. ↑ Anderson, Walt (2003). The Next Enlightenment: Integrating East and West in a New Vision of Human Evolution. Macmillan. p. 184. ISBN 0312317697. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Hubner, John (March 3, 1991). "Est Founder's Daughter Says Erhard Molested Her, Raped Her Sister". San Jose Mercury News: p. 1A. 
  35. ↑ Brooks, Sylvia (February 10, 1992). "Erhard's Mind-Sets Made Him Millions". Columbus Dispatch (The Dispatch Printing Co.): p. 02A. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Caen, Herb (March 27, 1992). "The Friday Stinker". San Francisco Chronicle: p. E1. 
  37. ↑ Ross, A.S. (April 6, 1993), "Libel Suit Threat by Est Founder Erhard a New Biography Fires Up Hostility Against Publisher", San Francisco Examiner (San Francisco Examiner Inc) 
  38. ↑ Lattin, Don (March 23, 1991). "Judge Rejects Erhard Request To Delay Trial". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A6. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 http://www.westword.com/1996-04-18/news/it-happens/8/
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Fischer, Jack (August 14, 1993). "$2 million suit against MN dismissed – No harm to Erhard's daughter seen". San Jose Mercury News (California): p. 6B. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Suit against MN ends in paper's favor". San Jose Mercury News: p. 2B. January 14, 1994. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Pressman, Steven (January 16, 1994). "Soul revival at the Forum". San Francisco Chronicle. 
  43. ↑ "IRS starts liening on Werner Erhard". Chicago Sun-Times (Chicago, Illinois). April 15, 1991. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 "Leader of est movement wins $200,000 from IRS". Daily News of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California). September 12, 1996. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEADER+OF+EST+MOVEMENT+WINS+$200,000+FROM+IRS.-a083966944. 
  45. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1991-12-29/news/mn-2102_1_werner-erhard
  46. ↑ Dewan, Shaila (May 3, 2010). "Hired to Bring Order, Kings’ Adviser Brings Peace". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/us/04giles.html. Retrieved on 2010-11-02. "Terry M. Giles ... the self-improvement techniques of EST. (Werner Erhard, the creator of EST, is a client.)" 

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