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Meitei language in Assam

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Template:Infobox language Meitei language (Template:Langx), officially and formally known as Manipuri language (Template:Langx), is one of the official languages of the state government of Assam. It serves as the additional official language in all the three districts of the Barak Valley (Cachar district, Hailakandi district and Karimganj district) as well as in the Hojai district of Assam.[1][2][3]

History

Meitei speaking people started living in Assam as a result of migration from Manipur due to the Chahi Taret Khuntakpa (literally, Seven Years' Devastation).[4]

Geographical distribution

Meitei language speakers have a notable presence in the Barak Valley of Assam.
Meitei language speakers have a notable presence in the Hojai district of the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.

Meitei language speakers live in all the three districts of the Barak Valley, Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj districts, as significant minority population.[5][6] According to the Ethnologue, it also has a notable presence in Dima Hasao district, besides those of the Barak Valley.[7] It also has a notable presence in the Hojai district of Assam.[8][9][10]

Writing systems

Meitei Mayek script Template:Anchor

In 2024, the State Cabinet of the Government of Assam approved the Meitei script to be used in the education of Meitei language across all the academic institutions of Assam.[11][12][13] It was done to help the students interested in the Meitei literature (also known as Manipuri literature) to know better about the subject.[14][15][16]

Meetei Yelhou Mayek script Template:Anchor

Naoriya Phulo script
The vowel and consonant letters of the Naoriya Phulo script (invented Meetei Yelhou Mayek), a constructed script developed by Naoriya Phulo for writing Meitei language

A unique form of writing system called "Meetei Yelhou Mayek", distinct from the general Meitei script, was developed by Naoriya Phulo in Cachar, Assam. This script was used to write Meitei language in certain cultural contexts.[17][18]

Linguistic movements

Template:Further

A depiction of the successful historical movement demanding Meitei to be made an official language of Assam

In Assam, many people had organised a language movement, demanding that Meitei language be made one of the official languages of Assam, besides Assamese language.[19][20] As a part of the movement, in 2023, they walked more than 300 km long march, as a sign of protests demanding their democratic rights.[21] In the same year, Leishemba Sanajaoba, the titular king and an Indian member of Parliament of Manipur, wrote a letter to the government of Assam, to look into the matter.[22] In 2024, the government of Assam approved the request, by declaring Meitei as the additional official language of four districts of Assam, namely Cachar district, Hailakandi district, Karimganj district and Hojai district.[23][24][25]

Meitei speaking people from Assam also work on the language movement demanding that Meitei be given the officially recognised classical language status by the Union Government of India.[26]

Education

The Board of Secondary Education, Assam (SEBA)[27] and the Assam Higher Secondary Education Council (AHSEC) provides Meitei language education in the schools of Assam.[28]

Assam University of Silchar has a "Department of Manipuri", providing education up to PhD degrees.[29][30] Gauhati University also provides Meitei language education as an independent subject.[31]

Meitei language education is offered having independent departments for the language, in different colleges of Assam, including but not limited to the Cachar College,[32] the Gurucharan College,[33] the Lala Rural College, Hailakandi,[34] the Patharkandi College,[35] the Janata College, Kabuganj, etc.[36]

Literature

Starting from 2020, the Government of Assam provides a financial support of Template:INR Convert every year to the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, a group that works for the development of Meitei literature (also called Manipuri literature) in Assam as well as other Meitei populated states.[37] Moreover, the government also gave Template:INR Convert for the development of Meitei language corpus.[38]

Language day

Meitei language day — 20th August

In Assam, Manipuri Language Day, also known as Meitei language day, is celebrated, like it is done in other states every year. The event is celebrated to honour the day on which Meitei was made an official language recognised by the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. The notable groups that celebrate the event are Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Asam Sahitya Sabha, Department of Manipuri, Assam University.[39][40]

Cinema

Meitei language movies are often shown in different film festivals in Assam, including the Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival (BVFF), in Guwahati. In 2023, a Meitei language movie named "Nine Hills One Valley", directed by Haobam Pabankumar, was shown in the event.[41]

"Phisakhol" (Template:Langx) is the first Meitei language movie having its debut in the Silchar city of the Barak Valley in Assam.[42][43]

Associations and organizations

The following groups took active participation in the historic Meitei associate official language movement in Assam:

  • All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU)[44]
  • Assam Manipuri Meira Paibi Lup[45]
  • Assam Manipuri Sahitya Parishad[46]
  • All Assam Manipuri Muslim Youth Front[47]
  • All Assam Manipuri Students Union (AAMSU)[48][49][50][51]
  • Guwahati Manipuri Coordination Committee (GMCC)[52]
  • Manipuri Youth Front of Assam (MYFA)[53][54][55]
  • Union of Association of Manipuri Writers[56]
  • Youth's Action Committee for Protection of Indigenous People (YACPIP)[57]

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ "Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts" (in en). 2024-02-24. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html. 
  2. ↑ PTI (2024-02-24). "Assam Cabinet gives nod to recognise Manipuri as associate official language in four districts" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-gives-nod-to-recognise-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts/article67881260.ece. 
  3. ↑ Today, North East (2024-02-24). "Manipuri Language Approved As Associate Official Language For Four Assam Districts" (in en-US). https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/24/manipuri-language-approved-as-associate-official-language-for-four-assam-districts/. 
  4. ↑ "Manipuri speaking diaspora in Assam By Rafe Ahmed". https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_speaking_diaspora_in_Assam_By_Rafe_Ahmed.html... 
  5. ↑ Mishra, Awadesh (1999-01-01). "The Manipuris in the Barak Valley: A Case Study of Language Maintenance'". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. https://www.academia.edu/1059019/The_Manipuris_in_the_Barak_Valley_A_Case_Study_of_Language_Maintenance. 
  6. ↑ "Manipuri speaking diaspora in Assam By Rafe Ahmed". https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Manipuri_speaking_diaspora_in_Assam_By_Rafe_Ahmed.html... 
  7. ↑ "Meitei". https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/. 
  8. ↑ "AMUCO interacts with Meiteis and Meitei Pangals in Assam" (in en). https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/amuco-interacts-with-meiteis-and-meitei-pangals-in-assam. 
  9. ↑ Samom, Sobhapati (2018-05-22). "Assam's Hojai to host Wari-Leeba festival from May 24" (in en-US). http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assams-hojai-host-wari-leeba-festival-may-24.html. "According to Repertory of Wari Leeba Manipur, the arts form of Wari-Leeba is slowly dying in Meitei inhabited areas of Bangladesh and Tripura while it is picking up in places like Hojai and Cachar in Assam." 
  10. ↑ "Public meeting at Hojai Assam on ST status to Meetei 20211004". https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2021.Public_meeting_at_Hojai_Assam_on_ST_status_to_Meetei_20211004. 
  11. ↑ "Cabinet nod to Meitei script in educational institutions". The Times of India. 2024-03-12. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/cabinet-nod-to-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions/articleshow/108431069.cms. 
  12. ↑ Service, Statesman News (2024-03-11). "Assam govt's nod for inclusion of Meitei script in schools of state" (in en). https://www.thestatesman.com/india/assam-govts-nod-for-inclusion-of-meitei-script-in-schools-of-state-1503278318.html. 
  13. ↑ Tribune, The Assam (2024-03-11). "Meitei script to be introduced in educational institutions of Assam" (in en). https://assamtribune.com/assam/meitei-script-to-be-introduced-in-educational-institutions-of-assam-1524916. 
  14. ↑ "Assam government mulls to introduce Meitei script in educational institutions of the state" (in hi). 2024-03-11. http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-government-mulls-to-introduce-meitei-script-in-educational-institutions-of-the-state-928558-2024-03-11. 
  15. ↑ "Assam: Government Considers Introducing Meitei Script in Educational Institutions" (in en). 2024-03-11. https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-government-considers-introducing-metei-script-in-educational-institutions. 
  16. ↑ NEWS, NE NOW (2024-03-11). "Assam government approves introducing Meitei script in educational institutes" (in en-US). http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-mulls-introducing-meitei-script-educational-institutes.html. 
  17. ↑ "Meetei Yelhou Mayek / Naoriya Phulo script". https://www.omniglot.com/writing/meeteiyelhoumayek.htm. 
  18. ↑ "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them." (in en-US). 2024-01-19. https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/meetei-yelhou-mayek/. 
  19. ↑ "Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU" (in en). https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu. 
  20. ↑ "Next possible language riots in Assam Manipuris vs Assamese By Yambem Laba". https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Next_possible_language_riots_in_Assam_Manipuris_vs_Assamese_By_Yambem_Laba. 
  21. ↑ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (2023-03-12). "Manipuri organisation starts long march in Assam for its democratic rights" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/manipuri-organisation-starts-long-march-in-assam-for-its-democratic-rights/article66610355.ece. 
  22. ↑ Pothashang (2020-09-24). "MP Sanajaoba urges Assam CM to include Manipuri language as associate language of Assam | Pothashang News" (in en-US). https://pothashang.in/2020/09/mp-sanajaoba-urges-assam-cm-to-include-manipuri-language-as-associate-language-of-assam/. 
  23. ↑ "Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts" (in en). 2024-02-24. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html. 
  24. ↑ PTI (2024-02-24). "Assam Cabinet gives nod to recognise Manipuri as associate official language in four districts" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-gives-nod-to-recognise-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts/article67881260.ece. 
  25. ↑ Today, North East (2024-02-24). "Manipuri Language Approved As Associate Official Language For Four Assam Districts" (in en-US). https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/02/24/manipuri-language-approved-as-associate-official-language-for-four-assam-districts/. 
  26. ↑ "Classic language status for Manipuri demanded". https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html. 
  27. ↑ "Assam HSLC Exam Routine 2023 Revised SEBA To Conduct All Class 10 Language Papers Including English On April 1" (in en). https://www.india.com/education/assam-hslc-exam-routine-2023-revised-seba-to-conduct-all-class-10-language-paper-including-english-on-april-1-after-assamese-paper-leak-himanta-biswa-sarma-5950004/. "In addition to Assamese, the other MIL subjects are Bengali, Bodo, Hindi, Manipuri, ..." 
  28. ↑ "AHSEC COMPLETE SYLLABUS". https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/index.php/hs-2nd-year-syllabus/. 
  29. ↑ Bazeley, Brinda Rymabai (2006) (in en). Development and Problems of Higher Education in Barak Valley and Karbi Anglong Areas of Assam. Regency Publications. pp. 75. ISBN 978-81-89233-25-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=amntcsvt76kC&dq=department+of+Manipuri+Assam+University&pg=PA75. 
  30. ↑ Kumar, Ashish (2006) (in en). Handbook of Universities. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 61. ISBN 978-81-269-0607-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&dq=department+of+Manipuri+Assam+University&pg=PA61. 
  31. ↑ Bareh, Hamlet (2000) (in en). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. Mittal Publications. pp. 80. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&dq=Manipuri+Gauhati&pg=PA80. 
  32. ↑ "Department of Manipuri | Cachar College, Silchar". https://www.cacharcollege.ac.in/manipuri.html#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Manipuri,%20Cachar,as%20well%20as%20Manipuri%20Literature.. 
  33. ↑ "Department of Manipuri | Gurucharan College, Silchar". https://gurucharancollege.ac.in/dept-of-manipuri.html. 
  34. ↑ "Manipuri" (in en). https://www.lrcollege.org/Manipuri. 
  35. ↑ "Overview | Department of Manipuri | Patharkandi College". https://pkdc.ac.in/department-of-manipuri.html. 
  36. ↑ "Department of Manipuri – Janata College" (in en-US). https://janatacollege.in/department-of-manipuri/. 
  37. ↑ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (2020-09-27). "Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece. 
  38. ↑ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (2020-09-27). "Assam to look into demand to include Manipuri in list of associate languages" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/minister-to-look-into-demand-to-include-manipuri-in-the-list-of-associate-languages-of-assam/article32707194.ece. 
  39. ↑ Staff Reporter (2010-09-15). "26th Manipuri Language Day observed" (in en). https://assamtribune.com/26th-manipuri-language-day-observed. 
  40. ↑ "Classic language status for Manipuri demanded". https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/classic-language-status-for-manipuri-demanded-116082000690_1.html. 
  41. ↑ Sarma, Krishangi (2023-12-24). "Nine Hills One Valley is a poignant portrayal of present-day Manipur" (in en-US). http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/12/24/nine-hills-one-valley-is-a-poignant-portrayal-of-present-day-manipur/. 
  42. ↑ "Phisakhol becomes first Manipuri digital film to debut at Silchar : 16th oct17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..161017.oct17. 
  43. ↑ KanglaOnline (2017-10-16). "Phisakhol becomes first Manipuri digital film to debut at Silchar – KanglaOnline" (in en-US). https://kanglaonline.in/2017/10/phisakhol-becomes-first-manipuri-digital-film-to-debut-at-silchar/. 
  44. ↑ "'Make Manipuri an associate official language of Assam' campaign continues; AMSU backs MYFA : 25th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..250720.jul20. "All Manipur Students' Union (AMSU) has endorsed the movement carried out by Manipuris in Assam, demanding the recognition of Manipuri language as an associate official language of Assam." 
  45. ↑ "Stir to include Manipuri as associate official language in Assam" (in en). 2010-09-15. https://assamtribune.com/stir-to-include-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-assam. 
  46. ↑ "Demands to Include Manipuri Language in APSC Exams Raised" (in en). https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/demands-to-include-manipuri-language-in-apsc-exams-raised. 
  47. ↑ "Stir to include Manipuri as associate official language in Assam" (in en). 2010-09-15. https://assamtribune.com/stir-to-include-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-assam. 
  48. ↑ "Make Manipuri associate official language of Assam: AAMSU : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=39..220921.sep21. 
  49. ↑ "Manipuri language should be one of Assam's associate official languages: AAMSU" (in en). https://www.ifp.co.in/9888/manipuri-language-should-be-one-of-assams-associate-official-languages-aamsu. 
  50. ↑ Webdesk, Time8 (2021-09-22). "AAMSU demands Associate Official Language status to Manipuri language" (in en-US). https://www.time8.in/aamsu-demands-associate-official-language-status-to-manipuri-language/. 
  51. ↑ "AAMSU for Associate Official Language status : 22nd sep21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..220921.sep21. 
  52. ↑ "Demands to Include Manipuri Language in APSC Exams Raised" (in en). https://www.guwahatiplus.com/guwahati/demands-to-include-manipuri-language-in-apsc-exams-raised. 
  53. ↑ "Assam: Youth body demands recognition of Manipuri as associate official language" (in hi). 2020-07-01. http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-youth-body-demands-recognition-manipuri-associate-official-language-404906-2020-07-01. 
  54. ↑ "Make Manipuri language official: MYFA : 14th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..140720.jul20. 
  55. ↑ "Recognise Manipuri language as Assam's associate official language : MYFA" (in en). https://www.ifp.co.in/1239/recognise-manipuri-language-as-assams-associate-official-language-myfa. 
  56. ↑ "Union of Association of Manipuri Writers backs MYFA's movement : 03rd aug20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=15..030820.aug20. 
  57. ↑ "YACPIP appeals Assam Govt to include Manipuri Language as Associate official Language : 15th jul20 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..150720.jul20. 

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