Disclaimer

This course hasn’t been fully fleshed out and still requires much work. Please edit as much as possible to help create a viable course for others to learn and enjoy. I hope to have this course be ready for its first round of student by Summer 07.However, edit what you can since I don’t know everything and would accept any help!

Introduction

This course is on the Russian Revolutions which culminated with the October revolution in 1917. Its is our goal to have a course on each of the revolutions, so please edit and add when needed. To find Wikipedia pages on specific Russian Revolutions, please go to the bottom of the page.

Important People

Please see a summery of important w:Russian_Revolution/people here.

Terms to Know

Please see the glossary of terms here.

Material

Week 1

Why

The purpose of this course is to introduce you the students to the events that shocked the world. According to Robert Service in his book, Twentieth Century Russia, “-”. Russia was a nation that until the creation of St. Petersburg (later Petrograd) by Peter the Great in -. Why did Russia become such a great power? Why did Russia evolve into the Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics which rivaled the United States from 1945-1991? Russia was behind European nations in most everything from its military, businesses, and people. Russia was a modern day pre-industrial revolution nation found in the mid 17th century.

What were the influences of the Revolutions

Russia, rose and fell because of the revolutions that occured in it's nation history. How did these revolutions effect the people it was trying to liberate or help? What substancial differance can be physically evaluated?

Week 2

The Romanov Family

The House of Romanov (Рома́нов, pronounced Template:IPA) was the second and last imperial dynasty of Russia, which ruled Muscovy and the Russian Empire for five generations from 1613 to 1762. From 1762 to 1917 Russia was ruled by a line descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which was normally also called Romanov, but was sometimes formally known as Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.

Origins

The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow. Later generations assigned to Kobyla the most illustrious pedigrees. At first it was claimed that he came to Moscow from Prussia in 1341, where his father had been a famous rebel. In the late 17th century, a fictional line of his descent from Julius Caesar was published.

File:Romanovs coa.jpg

Coat of arms of Nikita Romanovich.

It's likely that Kobyla's origins were less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for mare, but his relatives were also nicknamed after horses and other house animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries. One of Kobyla's sons, Fyodor, a boyar in the boyar duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka (cat). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen being the most illustrious of them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Zakharin-Yuriev changed their name to Romanov.

Rise to power

The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, Anastasia Zakharyina, married the young Ivan IV of Muscovy in February 1547. When her husband assumed the title of tsar, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa. Their marriage was an exceedingly happy one, but her untimely and mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, the tsar started the reign of terror against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Fyodor, a pious and lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father's death.

Throughout Fyodor's reign, the Russian government was contested between his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins. Upon the death of childless Fyodor, the 700-year-old line of Moscow Rurikids came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the former was elected new tsar. Godunov's revenge to the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relatives were deported to remote corners of the Russian North and Ural, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family's leader, Feodor Nikitich, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret.

The Romanovs' fortunes again changed drastically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in 1606. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov was valued by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. False Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch. Upon expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, the Assembly of the Land offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminid princes, but all of them declined the honour of it.

File:Romanov boyar residence.JPG

Romanov residence in Zaryadye, 16th century

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret's 16-year-old son Mikhail Romanov, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy image of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to stress his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Assembly of the Land on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally loved by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.

The era of dynastic crises

Mikhail was succeeded by his only son Alexei, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon his death, there was a period of dynastic struggles between his children by his first wife (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife, Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter, who had his only son Alexei executed and never named another heir. The Romanov male line actually expired in 1730, with the death of Peter II on the very day of his projected wedding. The last female Romanovs were his aunts, Empresses Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) and Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1762), who reigned successively for most of the period from 1730 to 1762.

As neither Anna nor Elizabeth produced a male heir, the succession could devolve either on a Brunswick grand-nephew of Anna (Ivan VI of Russia) or on a Holstein nephew of Elizabeth (Duke Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp), who was also an heir presumptive to the thrones of Sweden. Elizabeth naturally favoured her own nephew, although he was of petulant character. With the accession of Karl Peter Ulrich as Emperor Peter III in 1762 the new reigning dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp, or Oldenburg-Romanov, began.

File:Greatimperialcrown.jpg

Imperial Crown of Russia.

The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty

The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia, however, kept the surname Romanov and sought to emphasise their female-line descent from Peter the Great. Paul I was particularly proud to be great-grandson of the illustrious Russian monarch, although his German-born mother, Catherine II (of the House of Anhalt-Zerbst), insinuated in her memoirs that Paul's real father had been her lover Serge Saltykov. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul established the house law of the Romanovs, one of the strictest in Europe, basing the succession to agnatic primogeniture, as well as requiring Orthodox faith from the monarch and dynasts, as well as from the consort of emperor and from those of first heirs in line. Later, Alexander I, facing prospect of a morganatic alliance of his brother and heir, added the requirement that consorts of Russian dynasts had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or sovereign house). Otherwise their children forfeited all rights to the throne.

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg. Alexander I succeeded him on the throne, and later died without having left a male heir. Nicholas I, a brother of the latter monarch, was surprised to find himself on the throne. His era, like the one of Paul I, was marked by enormous attention to the army. Nonetheless, Russia lost the Crimean War, although it had some brilliant admirals on its side, including Pavel Nakhimov. Nicholas I fathered four sons, all of whom, he thought, could one day face the challenge of ruling Russia. Trying to prepare all the boys for the future, he provided an excellent education, especially a military one, for all of them.

Alexander II became the next Russian emperor. Alexander was an educated, intelligent man, who held that his task was to keep peace in Europe and Russia. However, he believed only a country with a strong army could keep the peace. By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much support (Finns still dearly remember him). His family life was not so happy- his beloved wife Maria Alexandrovna had serious problems with her lungs, which led to her death and to the dissolution of the close-knit family. On March 13, 1881, Alexander was killed after returning from a military parade. His carriage was struck by a hand-made bomb, luckily sparing the Tsar's life. However, he exited the carriage to examine what had happened, and was struck by a second bomb, this time resulting in his death. His assassin Ignacy Hryniewiecki was also mortally wounded. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, drawing the dynasty to look like more Russian. Yet tighter commitment to orthodox faith was required of Romanovs. Several marriages were contracted with princesses from other Slavic monarchies and other orthodox kingdoms, and even a couple of cadet-line princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen - when until 1850s, practically all marriages have been with German princelings.

Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III of Russia. A gigantic and imposing, if somewhat dull man, with great stamina, great lethargy and poor manners, Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Many of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Alexander, at his brother's death, not only inherited heirship of the throne, but a betrothed - Scandinavian princess Dagmar (Maria Fyodorovna of Denmark). Despite contrasting natures and size, the pair got on famously, and produced six children.

The eldest, Nicholas, became Tsar upon his father's sudden death (due to kidney disease) at age 49. Unready to inherit the throne, Nicholas himself said, "I am not ready, I do not want it. I am not a Tsar." Though an intelligent and kind-hearted man, lacking any preparation to rule, he continued his father's harsh polices. His Tsarina, the emotionally fragile German princess Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, was also a liability. While the Tsar bustled about on the front lines during World War I, the stubborn, traditionalist Tsarina held sway in court and in government.

Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, although sometimes counted among Russian monarchs, were not crowned and never reigned. They both married morganatically, as did Alexander II with his second wife. Six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line include: Paul (1796-1801), Alexander I (1801-1826), Nicholas I (1826-56), Alexander II (1856-81), Alexander III (1881-94), and Nicholas II (1894-1917).

Downfall

All these emperors (except Alexander III) had German-born consorts, a circumstance that cost the Romanovs their popularity during World War I. Nicholas's wife Alexandra Fyodorovna, although devoutly Orthodox, was particularly hated by the populace.

Alexandra Fyodorovna brought to the Romanov family a mutated gene of her grandmother, Queen Victoria, which was responsible for her son's (the long-awaited heir to the throne, Alexei) hemophilia. Nicholas and Alexandra had 4 daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia).

When the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of its rule, in 1913, the solemnities were clouded by numerous bad omens. Our Lady of St. Theodore, a patron icon of the family, blackened so badly that the image has been hardly visible ever since. Grigori Rasputin proclaimed that the Romanovs' power wouldn't last for a year after his death, and he was murdered by one of the Romanov Grand Dukes several months before the February Revolution of 1917, which actually dethroned Nicholas II.

Bolshevik authorities murdered the last Romanov monarch, Nicholas II of Russia, and his immediate family in the cellar of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on July 17, 1918 (although some unscholarly accounts suggest only Nicholas had been shot). Ironically, the Ipatiev House has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian crown in 1613. The spot where the Ipatiev House once stood has recently been commemorated by a magnificent cathedral "on the blood". After years of controversy, Nikolai II and his family were proclaimed saints by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000.

In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children as well as four of their servants, were exhumed from their graves of over 70 years (although some will always question the authenticity of these bones, despite DNA testing). The fact that two bodies were not present leads many people to believe that two Romanov children escaped the killings. Ever since there has been great debate as to which two children's bodies are missing. A Russian scientist made photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei weren't accounted for. Later, an American scientist determined from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei that were missing. A great mystery surrounds Anastasia, and several films have even been made, including a 1997 full length animated feature by Twentieth Century Fox, suggesting that she lived.

After the bodies were exhumed in June, 1991, they sat in laboratories for years while Russians fought over where they should be buried, Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A Russian commission eventually chose St. Petersburg and the last known direct Romanovs (as well as several loyal servants who died with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near to the tombs of their ancestors.

In September 2006, Empress Marie Fedorovna, the consort of Alexander III, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral beside her husband. Having fled Russia at the time of the Revolution, she had spent her remaining years in exile in her native Denmark, where she was initially buried in Roskilde Cathedral. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate set of ceremonies, including at St. Isaac's officiated by the Patriarch. For monarchists, the reburial of the Empress in the former imperial capital so many years after her death further underscored the downfall of the dynasty.

Contemporary Romanovs

The Romanov family continues to exist today. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia is seen by many to have the strongest claim to the Russian throne. However, despite the collapse of the Soviet Union and campaigns by her supporters for recognition as the constitutional monarch, it seems unlikely that she will ever gain the throne. The Russian people have so far evidenced little popular support for the resurrection of a Russian monarchy, even on a constitutional basis.

Maria Vladimirovna's father, Vladimir Cyrillovitch, was the last male dynast of the Romanov Family. The basis of which is the contention that all other males descended from Emperor Nicholas I of Russia married in violation of the House Laws with the result that their offspring did not possess any inheritance rights to the Russian throne. Under the Semi-Salic succession promulgated by Emperor Paul I of Russia, when the last male Romanov dynast died, the succession would pass to his closest female relative with valid succession rights. Contending that he was the last male Romanov dynast, Vladimir Cyrillovitch declared that his daughter would succeed as his closest female relation. A moral objection to Grand Duke Cyrillovich's clain to the throne is that he was the first Romanov to join the Revolution donning a red armband with the Preobrazhnsky guards. Accordingly, when her father died in 1992, Maria succeeded as the Head of the Imperial Family of Russia on the basis of her assertion that she is now the last male-line descendant of any Russian emperor not to be of a morganatic marriage.

Maria Vladimirovna's claim to the throne is contested. The biggest objection is the assertion that although her father was a dynast, Maria Vladimirovna is not. They argue that the marriage of her parents, Vladimir Cyrillovich and Leonida Bagration-Mukharsky was not one between equals. The Bagration-Mukharskys were decended from the medieval Kings of Georgia, but since Georgia's incorporation into the Russian empire had been regarded as nobility and not royalty in Russia, Maria and her defenders argue that the Bagration-Mukarskys were indeed royal, and that the marriage was between equals, and thus Maria is a dynast. One of her critics is the Romanov Family Association which claims as members all male-line descendants of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. It is unclear how many of the claimed members actually participate in the association's activities. Maria and her late father clearly did not participate but were nevertheless listed as members. Prince Nicholas Romanov (who styles himself His Highness, Prince Nicholas Romanovich, Prince of Russia) is the president of the association. It is sometimes alleged that Prince Nicholas is the senior genealogical male-line descendant of Nicholas I, but it is difficult to see the basis for this claim since there are living male-line descendants of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Prince Nicholas is descended from one of Alexander II's younger brothers.

External links

The Romanov Memorial
The Romanov fund for Russia -- The official website for Romanov fund.
The Romanov Family Association-- The Romanov Family Association's official website.
Alexander Palace Time Machine-- Imperial Russia History Site.
Family Tree of the ruling Romanovs
The Romanovs Today About the Romanov Family Association.
Romanov Family Album - From "The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library", a collection of family photographs.
Genealogy of the Imperial House of Russia (Requires Java)
The Russian Imperial Succession Supports the claims of the descendants of the Grand Duke Kirill.
The Romanovs: Their Empire, Their Books, New York Public Library.
The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of murder of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918. In Russian
Nikolay II - Live and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Nicholas II - "Live and Death". In Russian
FrozenTears.org A media presentation of the last Imperial Family.
Mother of Last Russian Tsar to Be Reburied "Moscow News"
Romanov’s Dynasty
The Romanovs in Film A complete filmography of the Romanovs.

ca:Romànov cs:Dynastie Romanovců da:Romanov de:Romanow et:Romanovid es:Dinastía Romanov fr:Romanov ko:로마노프 왕조 hr:Romanov it:Romanov he:שושלת רומנוב lt:Romanovų dinastija nl:Huis Romanov ja:ロマノフ朝 no:Romanov nn:Romanov pl:Romanowowie pt:Dinastia Romanov ro:Romanov ru:Романовы fi:Romanov-suku sv:Romanov th:ราชวงศ์โรมานอฟ uk:Романови zh:罗曼诺夫皇朝

Czarist Rule in Russia

To understand why Czar Nicholas I freed the serfs from serfdom, we must look at Russia in the mid-18th century.

Freeing the Serfs

Pre-reform Russia

Imperial Russia was a land of peasants, which made up at least 80% of the population. There were two main categories of peasants, those living on state lands and those living on the land of private landowners. Only the latter were serfs. As well as having obligations to the state, they also were obliged to the landowner, who had great power over their lives. By the mid-nineteenth century, less than half of Russian peasants were serfs.

The rural population lived in households (dvory, singular dvor), gathered as villages (derevni, lit. 'wood', larger villages were called selo), run by a mir ('commune', or obshchina) - isolated, conservative, largely self-sufficient and self-governing units scattered across the land every 10 km (6 miles) or so. There were around 20 million dvory in Imperial Russia, four in ten numbering from six to ten people.

Intensely insular, the mir assembly, the skhod (sel'skii skhod), appointed an elder (starosta) and a 'clerk' (pisar) to deal with any external issues. Land and resources were shared within the mir. The fields were divided among the families as nadel - a complex of strip plots, distributed according to the quality of the soil. The strips were periodically redistributed (peredely) within the derevni to produce level economic conditions - albeit at the expense of actual efficiency. Despite this the land was not owned by the mir; the land was the legal property of the 100,000 or so land-owners (dvoryanstvo) and the inhabitants, as serfs, were not allowed to leave the property where they were born. The peasants were duty bound to make regular payments in labour and goods, usually working the land half-and-half for themselves and the land-owner.

The need for urgent reform was well understood in 19th-century Russia, and various projects of emancipation reforms were prepared by Mikhail Speransky, Nikolay Mordvinov, and Pavel Kiselev. Their efforts were, however, thwarted by conservative or reactionary nobility.

Emancipation Manifesto

The liberal politicians who stood behind the 1861 manifesto - Nikolay Milyutin and Yakov Rostovtsev - also recognised that their country was one of a few remaining feudal states in Europe. The pitiful display by Russian forces in the Crimean War left the government acutely aware of the empire's backwardness. Eager to grow and develop industrially, hence military and political strength, there were a number of economic reforms. As part of this the end of serfdom was considered. It was optimistically hoped that after the abolition the mir would dissolve into individual peasant land owners and the beginnings of a market economy.

Alexander, unlike his father, was willing to deal with this problem. Moving on from a petition from the Lithuanian provinces, a committee "for ameliorating the condition of the peasants" was founded and the principles of the abolition considered.

The main point at issue was whether the serfs should remain dependent on the landlords, or whether they should be transformed into a class of independent communal proprietors.

The land-owners initially pushed for granting the peasants freedom but not any land. The tsar and his advisers, mindful of 1848, were opposed to creating a proletariat and the instability this could bring. But giving the peasants freedom and land seemed to leave the existing land-owners without the large and cheap labour-force they needed to maintain their estates.

To 'balance' this, the legislation contained three measures to reduce the potential economic self-sufficiency of the peasants. Firstly a transition period of nine years was introduced, during which the peasant was obligated as before to the old land-owner. Additionally large parts of common land were passed to the major land-owners as otrezki, making many forests, roads and rivers only accessible for a fee. The third measure was that the serfs must pay the land-owner for their allocation of land in a series of redemption payments, which in turn, were used to compensate the landowners with bonds. The total sum would be advanced by the government to the land-owner and then the peasants would repay the money, plus interest, to the government over forty-nine years. Redemption payments were finally cancelled in 1907.

Implementation

Although well planned in the legislation, the reform did not work smoothly.

The land-owners and nobility were paid in government bonds and their debts were removed from the money before it was handed over. The bonds soon fell in value, combined with the generally poor management skills of the land-owners under the new conditions there

Outcome

The legislation neither freed the peasants from excessive external obligation nor greatly reordered their social and economic constraints. The uneven application of the legislation did leave many peasants in Congress Poland and northern Russia both free and landless (batraks), while in other areas peasants became the majority land owners in their province(s).

Week 3

1905 Revolution

-

The Great War (World War 1)

The First World War regarding Russia was a complete mistake and shouldn't have happened. On June 28, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand was shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip. On July 28, 1914; Austria-Hungary mobilized its troops and this left Russia and France to mobilize their own troops as agreed in the “Secret Treaty of 1892”. Germany was worried about Russian movement in the Balkans and declared war on Russia. The war was extremely unpopular in Russia which gave the Leftists a base upon which they could attack the government. Russia’s Czar Nicholas II had secluded himself at the front such that he could concentrate on the war which left the day-to-day issues to his wife Alexandra Fyodorovna. Alexandra was dispised by the Russian people due to her German heritage and her interactions with Rasputin. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks,Kadet, and other revolutionary groups believe that Alexander was a bad ruler but with Rasputin in the picture, things couldn’t be worse.

Week 4

February Revolution Revolution (1917)

-

Revolts against the provisional goverment of Lvov

The most important revolution to happen during Lvov’s administration was the -. General – led a mutiny of sailors against the government and it was stopped by the Bolshevik, Trotsky.

Revolts against the provisional goverment of Alexander Kerensky

Week 5

(For a more indepth course on the October Revolution, please see- [course coming late January and done late Summer 2007])

October Revolution (1917)

Summery -The Provisional Goverment capitulated to the Bolsheviks on - which started the civil war between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (Anti-Bolsheviks). Also the Bolsheviks would hold power for - years until - -, 1991 when the USSR disintrigated. This revolution has been studied by historians for decades because, it was the revolution that shouldn't have succeded. How could this fringe group take complete control? Why was there no real resitance to this revolution from the Provisional government or the people it represented?

Week 6

Effects of the Russian Revolutions

Questions

Week 1

Week 2

1. Who were the Romanovs?
2. How did they come to power?
3. Why did they rule the way they ruled?

Week 3

1. What effected the 1905 revolution?
2. Who were come of the major players in the 1905 revolution?
3. How was this revolution differant from other Russian revolutions past?
4. How was this revolution differant from other Russian revolutions to come?

Week 4

1. What effected the February 1917 revolution?
2. Who were come of the major players in the February 1917 revolution?
3. How was this revolution differant from other Russian revolutions past?
4. How was this revolution differant from other Russian revolutions to come?
5. How did Lvov react towards these revolutions?
6. How did Kerensky react towards these revolutions?

Disclaimer

Introduction

Important People

Terms to Know

Material

Week 1

Why

What were the influences of the Revolutions

Week 2

The Romanov Family

Origins

Rise to power

The era of dynastic crises

The Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Dynasty

Downfall

Contemporary Romanovs

Further reading

See also

External links

Czarist Rule in Russia

Freeing the Serfs

Pre-reform Russia

Emancipation Manifesto

Implementation

Outcome

Week 3

1905 Revolution

The Great War (World War 1)

Week 4

February Revolution Revolution (1917)

Revolts against the provisional goverment of Lvov

Revolts against the provisional goverment of Alexander Kerensky

Week 5

October Revolution (1917)

Week 6

Effects of the Russian Revolutions

Questions

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Related Books

Books on Specific Revolutions

Books on Russian History

Related Wikipedia Pages

See also